Англійська мова вчитель Мороз А.М.

Шкільне життя.

Заохочення та покарання.

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Модальне дієслово MUST

Наше наступне дієслово – MUST. Ми використовуємо його, коли хочемо висловити:

• Заборону: You must not run. You’ve got a weak heart.
• Впевнену здогадку (позитивну): It must be so unpleasant to listen to her constant complaints!
• Необхідність (згідно з правилом або через рішення того, хто говорить): When using trains, passengers must purchase tickets to their destinations. / You must tell me the truth!
• Але: якщо дія є вимушеною, людині доводиться так чинити через обставини, що склалися, то ситуація передається за допомогою HAVE TO / HAS TO: Emily has to get up at 6 a.m. and she hates it.

А ще HAD TO замінює MUST у минулому часі, тому що MUST не має такої своєї форми. Ось як буде виглядати речення з прикладу вище, якщо поміняти в ньому час на минулий: When using trains, passengers had to purchase tickets to their destinations.

Модальне дієслово MIGHT

Чим же відрізняється MIGHT? Воно теж має декілька значень:

• Минулий час дієслова MAY: Bob asked if he might have another piece of cake.
• Можливість: The food in this Indian restaurant is too spicy, though you might like it (ще менше впевненості, ніж
• COULD і MAY).
  Дозвіл: Might I interrupt you for a moment? (Ввічливо і формально).

• Модальні дієслова SHOULD та OUGHT TO

  Є ще дієслова SHOULD та OUGHT TO. Загалом, вони взаємозамінні. Треба тільки пам’ятати про частку TO, яка завжди ставиться після OUGHT і ніколи після SHOULD.

• Порада, рекомендація: You should / ought to drink more water to stay healthy.
• Вірогідність: We should / ought to know the exam results soon.

Дієслово  саn  (могти, уміти) передає володіння фізичної або розумової здатністю, вмінням. Наприклад: He can lift me up with one hand - він може підняти мене однією рукою. I can play football - я вмію грати в футбол. У passive дієслово can перекладається як дозвіл «можна»:, негативна форма can not – «не можна» (Наприклад: How can survive this lie? - чи можна пережити цю брехню? It can not be done - це не можна виконати). У поєднанні з дієсловами, що позначають почуття і сприйняття (to see, to hear, to feel, to smell, to taste і т. д.) Модальне дієслово can перекладу не має. Для вираження більш ввічливого прохання про дозвіл замість can може вживатися форма could (Could I have this book with me? - можу я взяти цю книгу з собою?). Смисловим еквівалентом модального дієслова can є словосполучення to be able, яке застосовується замість його відсутніх форм.

Дієслово  may  (можу?, можемо?, може?) Передає дозвіл (дозвіл), можливість, припущення. Часто застосовується для того, щоб попросити або дати дозвіл. Наприклад: He may already come in - Він уже може увійти. She may be a good driver - Вона може бути хорошим водієм. Форма минулого часу might (міг би) має значення припущення, але меншою мірою впевненості, ніж may, або докору. Наприклад: He might do it, but this is unlikely – він міг би це зробити, але це малоймовірно. You might learn it – ти б зміг це вивчити (але не зміг).

Дієслово  must  (повинен, потрібно, треба) висловлює крайню, що не терпить заперечень необхідність, моральний обов'язок, наказ. Наприклад: You must hurry – ти повинен поспішати. I must stop smoking. - мені необхідно кинути палити. Модальний дієслово must застосовується прямо тільки в теперішньому і майбутньому часі, щодо минулого часу застосовується тільки в непрямій мові (He said that I must pay for it in full – він сказав, що я повинен заплатити за це сповна), або замінюється еквівалентним словосполученням have to.

Вставте модальні дієслова can, may, must.

1. I have forgotten my own language and ___ speak nothing but yours.

2. We ___ go somewhere. We ___ not wander about for ever.

3. But I think you ___ have told us this half an hour ago!

4. You ___ see much of interest there.

5. I did not hear him return to the room. I ___ have been asleep.

6. You _ have mistaken him, my dear. He ___ not have intended to say that.

7. It seemed possible they ___ return.

8. No good looking back; things happen as they ___ .

9. To be ashamed of his own father is perhaps the bitterest experience a young

man ___ go through.

10. How ___ you let things slide like that, Dick?

11. I think you __ be glad of some coffee before you start back to your hotel. It's

such a cold night.

Модальне дієслово need вживається для вираження необхідності виконати певну дію. Як правило, це модальне дієслово використовується тільки в питальних та заперечних реченнях. 

В якості модального дієслово need використовується з формою простого інфінітиву смислового дієслова без частки to та має тільки одну форму теперішнього часу (Present Simple). Для утворення речень в минулому та майбутньому часі модальне дієслово need заміняється на смислове дієслово to need (мати потребу). 

Виконати завдання;

Вставте модальні дієслова can, may, must, need.

1. Peter _____ return the book to the library. We all want to read it.

2. Why _____ not you to understand it? It is so easy!

3. _____ we do the exercise at once? – Yes, you _____ do it at once.

4. _____ you pronounce this sound?

5. You ____ not have bought this meat: we have everything for dinner.

6. I _____ not go out tonight: it is too cold.

7. _____ I take you pen?

8. We _____ not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come

and do it.

9. When _____ you come to see us? – I _____ come on Sunday.

10. Shall I write a letter to him? – No, you _____ not, it is not necessary.

11. ___ you cut something without a knife?

12. Everything is clear and you _____ not go into details now.

почитати та перекласти вправу 8, с.218-219, 

Виконати вправу на повторення

• The cake (must, can, could) be almost ready now. – Are you sure? – Yes, practically.
• You (must, have to, should) put sausage, cucumber, onion, potatoes, eggs and sour cream to make the Russian salad tasty.
• (can, may, should) you have failed to put sugar and vinegar in the biscuit again? How (can, are able to, may) you be so careless?
• You (may, can, have to) take the fork, knife and plate. I don’t need it any more.
• The beefsteak (can’t, mustn’t, shouldn’t) be so raw and untasty. I’ve cooked it properly!
• (Should, shall, ought to) I buy a loaf of bread or some curds?
• No, you (can’t, mustn’t, shouldn’t) eat ice-cream in the street in winter.
• (shall, may, can) it be that the pork was spoiled?
• (could, must, will) you show me how to the slice cabbage and carrots for this soup.
• You (could, might, have to) have cooked lunch before our arrival.
• You’ve overfried the potatoes. You (should, could, might) be more accurate about cooking.
• Don’t put too much in the salt dough. We (can, may, might) spoil everything.
• (can, may, should) it be that the child has eaten so much candies?
• Don’t you know that one (can’t, mustn’t, needn’t) eat milk and cucumbers?

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Active Voice

Активний стан (Active Voice) - це граматична категорія, яка вказує, що дія в реченні (присудок) виконується підметом. 

• His parents love him. – Батьки його люблять.
• I did my homework yesterday. – Я виконав своє домашнє завдання вчора.

• Active voice вживається тоді, коли особа або предмет сама здійснює дію, є активним учасником цієї дії.

  Catherin sent the letters to her friends in Spain and Greece. – Катріна відправила листи своїм друзям в Іспанію і Грецію.

  В даному випадку особа (Catherin), виражена підметом і виконує дію (is doing sending) самостійно, що означає вживання дієслова в активному стані.

  У наступних реченнях також використовується Active voice:

  Jessica and Patrick prepared a tasty salad for lunch.  – Джесіка і Патрік приготували смачний салат на ланч.

  The hunter caught the accipiter. – Мисливець піймав яструба.

   

виконати завдання https://learningapps.org/1251607, 

виконати вправу на повторення https://learningapps.org/2631854

Ukraine

Ukraine is a sovereign state. It has its own territory, higher and local bodies of state power (the Supreme Soviet and local Soviets) and government, national emblem, state flag and anthem. The capital is Kyiv. There are 24 administrative regions and the Crimean autonomous republic in Ukraine.

The geographical position of Ukraine is very favourable to the development of its relations with countries of Europe, as well as with the countries throughout the world. It borders on the Russian Federation, Byelorussia, Moldova, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania.

95% of the Ukrainian area is flat and the rest of it is mountainous. The Ukrainian Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains make up those 5% of its area. Ukraine is washed by the Black Sea and the sea of Azov and it has important ports. The major rivers are the Dnieper, the Dniester, the Bug, the Donets and others. Ukraine has many industrial raw materials, it has rich deposits of iron, metals, coal, oil, gas, different ores and other natural resources. The country has metallurgical and heavy industries.

Scientists of Ukraine make a great contribution in our science. The Academy of Science of Ukraine includes many outstanding scientists and research workers famous for their important discoveries and inventions.

І. True or False

1. Ukraine is not a sovereign state.

2. It has its own territory, higher and local bodies of state power (the Supreme Soviet and local Soviets) and government, national emblem without state flag and anthem.

3. There are 24 administrative regions.

4. The geographical position of Ukraine is not very  convenient  to the development of its relations with countries of Europe.

5. 95% of the Ukrainian area is mountainous.

6. Ukraine is washed by the Black Sea and the sea of Azov and it has important ports.

7. Ukraine has many industrial raw materials.

8. The country has  only metallurgical industries.

9. Scientists of Ukraine make a great contribution in our life.

10.The Academy of Science of Ukraine includes many outstanding scientists and research workers famous for their important discoveries and inventions.

           II. Answer the questions

1. Ukraine is a sovereign state, isn’t it?
2. What is the capital of Ukraine?
3. What is the geographical position of Ukraine?
4. What mountains are there in Ukraine?
5.  What is the major rivers in Ukraine?
6. What industries the country has?
7.  Who has made a great contribution in our science?

Велика Битанія

Сполучене Королівство Великої Британії та Північної Ірландії

Підготувати доповідь на тему "Країни сполученого Королівства", 

виконати завдання https://learningapps.org/9542037

Виконати вправу 1, с.203-204,

опрацювати слова с.206

Повторити граматичний матеріал

написати діалог " Подорож до Великої Британії"

опрацювати текст.+ виконати тестові завдання. + аудіозапис прочитаного тексту надіслати в вайбер

One day a party of Americans were having dinner at the Ritz Hotel in London. When, fish was served, some of them began telling interesting stories about finding jewels inside fish.
An old man who had been quietly listening all the time and saying very little at last remarked: “I have heard all your stories, now I shall tell you one”.
   “When I was young”, he went on, “I worked for a big firm in New York, and as it always happens to young men, I fell in love with a girl and very soon became engaged.
   About two months before our marriage I was suddenly sent to England on business. Because I had a lot of business there, I stayed in England somewhat longer than I had expected. It was very strange, but I hadn’t got a single letter from my girl, all this time. But just before going home, I bought a beautiful diamond ring, intending to give it to the girl I was going to marry. One morning, on board the liner crossing the Atlantic I was looking through an American news­paper, which somebody had given me, and saw an announcement of the girl’s marriage to another man. I got so angry that I threw the ring overboard.
   A few years later I was having dinner at a restaurant in New York. Fish was served, and while eating it, I felt something hard between my teeth, and what do you think it was?”
   “The diamond!” exclaimed several of the Americans.
   “No”, said the old man, “it was a fish bone”.
Vocabulary
to intend = to be going to – збиратися
an announcement – оголошення
a marriage – одруження
a bone – кістка

Choose the correct answer to the question
1. Where were the Americans having dinner one day?
a) on board a ship;   b) at a hotel;        c) at a party;        d) in a cafe.
2. What the Americans were doing, when fish was served?
a) drinking tea;                                 c) reading a newspaper;
b) telling interesting stories;            d) watching TV.
3. Who had been quietly listening all the time and saying very little?
a) a young man;   b) a married man;    c) an old man;  d) a man in a hat.
4. What did the men hope to find in the fish?
a) a watch;          b) a ring;                c) some money;    d) a diamond.
5. Where the man was suddenly sent?
a) to America;   b) to New Zealand; c) to Australia; d) to England
6. What did the young man buy for his girl?
a) a dress;           b) a fur coat;       c) a gold watch;   d) a diamond ring.
7. Why didn’t the girl answer his letters?
a)    she was very ill;                  c) she wanted to marry another man;
b)   she wanted to join him;        d) she was angry with him.
8. How did the man react to the news in the newspaper?
a)    he was very happy;              c) he was very angry;
b)   he was very lonely;              d) he was very unhappy.
9. What did the man do with his present?
a)   he gave it to another girl;     c) he sold it;
b)   he threw it into the sea;        d) he lost it.
10. What did the man order for dinner in New York?
a) soup;          b) pudding;               c) meat;                  d) fish.
11. What did the man feel hard in his mouth?
a) a fruit stone;      b) a fish bone;       c) an egg shell;    d) a diamond ring.

Повторення вивченого матеріалу за ІІ семестр

Контроль аудіювання

Прослухати текст (у вайбері) та виконати завдання

Are these statements true (T) or false (F)?

1. I learned a lot of interesting things from books.
2. When I was a child my parents read them to me.
3. There are many problems in our life and sometimes it is difficult to solve them without books.
4. I  don’t like to read books about animals, nature and children.
5. My parents say that books help us in our self-education.
6. When I was fifty I was fond of reading too.
7. Now I like to read books about history.
8. Books play a very important role in my life.
9.  Not all the members of our family buy books and read them.
10. In ancient times books were written by hand.
11.  We can read books in private libraries.
12. Books must be our friends during all our life.

Опрацювати текст, виконати завдання( аудіозапис  прочитаного  тексту надіслати у вайбер)

A Conversation With My Father by Grace Paley

Glossary: potassium — калій; despise —  зневажати; junkie —наркоман.

My father is eighty-six years old and in bed. His heart, that blood motor, is equally old and will not do certain jobs any more. It still floods his head with brainy light. But it won't let his legs carry the weight of his body around the house. Despite my metaphors, this muscle failure is not due to his old heart, he says, but to a potassium shortage. Sitting on one pillow, leaning on three, he offers last-minute advice and makes a request.

"I would like you to write a simple story just once more", he says, "the kind de Maupassant wrote, or Chekhov, the kind you used to write. Just recognizable people and then write down what happened to them next".

I say, "Yes, why not? That's possible". I want to please him, though I don't remember writing that way. 1 would like to try to tell such story, if he means the kind that begins: "There was a woman..".followed by plot, absolute line between two points which I've always despised. Not for literary reasons, but because it takes all hope away. Everyone, real or invented, deserves the open destiny of life.

Finally I thought of a story that had been happening for a couple of years right across the street. I wrote it down, then read it aloud. "Pa", I said, "how about this? Do you mean something like this?"

Once in my time there was a woman and she had a son. They lived nicely in a small apartment in Manhattan. This boy at about fifteen became a junkie, which is not unusual in our neighborhood.

In order to maintain her close friendship with him, she became a junkie too. She said it was part of the youth culture, with which she felt very much at home. After a while, for a number of reasons, the boy gave it all up and left the city and his mother in disgust. Hopeless and alone, she grieved. We all visit her.

Section 1. True or False Statements (+/-). Listen to the story and decide which of these statements are true and which of them are false. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.

1. My father is an energetic 68-year-old man.
2. He has a weak heart and a potassium shortage.
3. He wants his daughter to write a complex epic novel.
4. He likes complex characters and mysterious plots.
5. I will write him a simple story.
6. I prefer to write stories that leave room for hope.
7. I wrote of a recent event.

Section 2. Multiple choice.  Listen to the story and decide which of these statements are true and which of them are false. Mark your answers on the An­swer Sheet.

8.  My father spends his time in:

a)   bed;                                 b)   church;

c)   cafes;                               d)   pain and suffering.

9.  His heart is weak but has not reduced the flow of blood:

a)   to his legs;                       b)   to his b arms and shoulders;

c)   to his head;                     d)   to his liver.

10.     His heart is weakened due to:

a)   lack of exercise;               b)   excessive smoking;

c)   failure to rest;                  d)   a potassium shortage.

11.     He thinks I write simple stories like:

a)   Shultz and Dilbert;          b)   Bulgakov and Shevchenko;

c)   Chekov or de Maupassant;        d)   Chekov and Marquis de Sade.

12.     I don't write simple stories because:

a)   they take away all hope; b)   are boring;

c)   dislike easy work;                d)   they are too hard to compose.

написати твір на одну з тем:

1. My favourite subject. English lesson.
2. Schools in Ukraine.
3. Schools in Great Britain.
4. Books in my life.
5. My favourite writer.

Підготувати розповідь на одну з тем:(розповідь надіслати в вайбер)

1. My favourite subject. English lesson.
2. Schools in Ukraine.
3. Schools in Great Britain.
4. Books in my life.
5. My favourite writer.